Why RPA Soldiers Carried Ibitenge During the Struggle for National Liberation

Rwamagana, Rwanda - During the RPF-Inkotanyi’s liberation struggle in 1990, RPA soldiers were often seen carrying ibitenge-around their waists, stomachs, or shoulders-a symbol of determination and resilience. On December 7, 2025, leaders and residents of Rwamagana District visiting the historic Rugano site were reminded of the significance of this practice.

Bashana Medard, Director of the Museum of the History of the Struggle to Stop the Genocide, explained that on October 28, 1990, President Paul Kagame, leading the RPA forces, withdrew troops from Mutara to Rugano, a forested area between the Muhabura and Gahinga volcanoes in the Musanze and Burera districts, where the Inkotanyi camped in late December 1990.

Bashana outlined three reasons for choosing Rugano:

The dense forest made it difficult for government troops to attack with heavy weapons.

A thick fog above the forest hindered aerial attacks.

It provided space to gather troops, re-energize them, and build morale.

The ibitenge belts served practical and symbolic purposes:

Practical: They helped soldiers tighten their belts when hungry and stay warm in cold conditions.

Symbolic: They represented discipline, resilience, and focus on the mission, reminding soldiers to persevere despite hardships.

“Most photos of the Inkotanyi in the 1990s show them with belts,” Bashana said. “If you are tired or facing challenges, think about what lies ahead and how to build a better future.”

Rugano became a place where the RPA forces regained strength, planned strategic attacks, and began to see the possibility of national liberation.

Rushimisha Marc, Executive Secretary of Kigabiro Sector, emphasized that visits to Rugano are about studying history to inspire development, not just military training:

“We have a population that needs leadership for development. Today, we follow the foundation laid by the Inkotanyi to move our citizens forward.”

The story of the ibitenge serves as a reminder of the courage, discipline, and vision that fueled the struggle for Rwanda’s liberation.