Internal Rivalries and Power Struggles Expose Deep Divisions Within AFC/M23

Kinshasa, July 11, 2026 - Internal tensions over political ambitions, military strategy, and control of resources are increasingly dividing the Congo River Alliance/March 23 Movement (AFC/M23), according to findings highlighting growing disagreements within the armed group operating in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The leadership structure of the AFC/M23 remains marked by a fragile balance between its political and military wings. The movement’s military command continues to be attributed to General Sultani Makenga, although his influence has reportedly faced increasing challenges from within the organization and from external actors. Political leadership remains associated with Bertrand Bisimwa and Corneille Nangaa, the former president of the Independent National Electoral Commission (CENI). The group’s leaders have continued to benefit from support and guidance from Rwandan authorities and intelligence structures, according to the findings. However, beyond external backing, internal divisions have become more visible, particularly over the movement’s objectives and future direction. Political ambitions appear to be one of the main sources of disagreement. Figures such as Corneille Nangaa and former Congolese President Joseph Kabila have reportedly expressed ambitions linked to gaining influence over national power in Kinshasa, while several senior M23 commanders have opposed expanding military operations beyond North and South Kivu. Disputes over the management and distribution of resources have also fueled tensions among senior officials. Some members of the movement have reportedly raised concerns about perceived preferential treatment benefiting certain Tutsi officers and fighters, adding another layer of friction within the organization. Militarily, the AFC/M23 territories under its control have reportedly been reorganized into three main defense zones. The first zone, covering Nyiragongo, Rutshuru, and Lubero territories, is led by General Baudoin Ngaruye. The second zone, covering Masisi and Walikale, is commanded by Brigadier General Justin Gacheri Musanga, while General Innocent Byamungu oversees operations in South Kivu. The movement’s armed forces are estimated at around 30,000 fighters. This force reportedly includes former members of the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP), fighters from the original M23 movement, new recruits mobilized since 2021, and individuals coming from diaspora communities and refugee camps in Rwanda. The ranks have also reportedly expanded through the integration of former members of the Congolese army (FARDC), the Congolese National Police, Wazalendo fighters, local defense groups, and newly established police units, following battlefield developments and the capture of strategic areas in eastern DRC. These developments come as diplomatic efforts aimed at restoring peace in eastern Congo continue to face major obstacles. Despite the signing of the Washington Agreement and several follow-up discussions, insecurity and humanitarian challenges remain severe, while disagreements between Kinshasa and Kigali continue to complicate implementation of the commitments. The Doha peace process, facilitated by Qatar, has also struggled to achieve a breakthrough. Several rounds of negotiations between the Congolese government and the AFC/M23 have failed to resolve key disagreements, while additional mediation efforts, including talks held in Switzerland, have yet to produce significant progress. As diplomatic initiatives slow down and security conditions deteriorate, the future of eastern DRC remains uncertain, with political rivalries, military fragmentation, and competition over strategic resources continuing to shape the conflict landscape.